Reindeer - Wikipedia. The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), also known as caribou in North America. Both sexes can grow antlers annually, although the proportion of females that grow antlers varies greatly between population and season. Liber 2. 2, Cap. This word may go back to a Saami word raingo. Cap. 3. 0: De Tarando (1. However, Aldrovandi – and before him Konrad Gesner. The name rein (- deer) is of Norse origin (Old Norsehreinn, which again goes back to Proto- Germanic *hrainaz and Proto- Indo- European *kroinos meaning . ![]() In the Uralic languages, Sami *poatsoj (in Northern Samiboazu, in Lule Samiboatsoj, in Pite Samib. The Finnish name poro may also stem from the same. In Middle English, der (Old Englishd. This was in contrast to cattle, which then meant any sort of domestic livestock that was easy to collect and remove from the land, from the idea of personal- property ownership (rather than real estate property) and related to modern chattel (property) and capital. Cognates of Old English d. The subspecies taxonomic name, Rangifer tarandus caribou was defined by Gmelin in 1. Based on Banfield's often- cited A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer (1. United Nations News Centre with breaking news from the UN News Service. In their book entitled Mammal Species of the World, American zoologist Don E. Wilson and Dee. Ann Reeder agree with Valerius Geist, specialist on large North American mammals, that this range actually includes several subspecies. He affirms that . ![]() In numerous instances, populations of the same subspecies have evolved different demographic and behavioural adaptations, while populations from separate subspecies have evolved similar demographic and behavioural patterns.. Allen, 1. 91. 4). Allen, 1. 90. 2). Allen, 1. 90. 2). Based on a review in 1. Allen, 1. 91. 4). Isolation of Rangifer tarandus in refugia during the last glacial – the Wisconsin in North America and the Weichselian in Eurasia- shaped . Reindeer occurred in.. Spain, Italy and southern Russia. The supply began to get low during the Mesolithic, when reindeers retired to the north.— Kurt. Get quality, cheap and fast solution from our Online pharmacy located in India. Fast delivery to all over the world. Low Prices. Using other people’s research or ideas without giving them due credit is plagiarism. Since BibMe Lysine may be dosed from 1 to 3 g daily to prevent or treat herpes simplex infections, reserving the higher dosages for breakouts. In addition to the average. For our business partners, please click the button above to access your detailed monthly reports. For information on how your organization can partner with BALANCE. Norway and Greenland have unbroken traditions of hunting wild reindeer from the last glacial period until the present day. In the non- forested mountains of central Norway, such as Jotunheimen, it is still possible to find remains of stone- built trapping pits, guiding fences, and bow rests, built especially for hunting reindeer. These can, with some certainty, be dated to the Migration Period, although it is not unlikely that they have been in use since the Stone Age. The antlers typically have two separate groups of points, lower and upper. ![]() 5:49 pm Vaalco Energy received NYSE notification that its stock price has fallen below the continued listing standard : The Company will be notifying the NYSE of its. Lydia Dziubanek Lost 80 Pounds: Now that's a cheap way to lose weight - the BREATH DIET that takes just five minutes a day. Miki Ryosuke says he lost two stone in seven weeks on the Long Breath Diet. Hepatitis C is a worldwide problem. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of both acute and chronic hepatitis. ![]() There is considerable variation between subspecies in the size of the antlers (e. In the largest subspecies, the antlers of large males can range up to 1. They have the largest antlers relative to body size among living deer species. Northern populations, which usually are relatively small, are whiter, while southern populations, which typically are relatively large, are darker. This can be seen well in North America, where the northernmost subspecies, the Peary caribou, is the whitest and smallest subspecies of the continent, while the southernmost subspecies, the woodland caribou, is the darkest and largest. Incoming cold air is warmed by the animal's body heat before entering the lungs, and water is condensed from the expired air and captured before the deer's breath is exhaled, used to moisten dry incoming air and possibly absorbed into the blood through the mucous membranes. Reindeer hooves adapt to the season: in the summer, when the tundra is soft and wet, the footpads become sponge- like and provide extra traction. In the winter, the pads shrink and tighten, exposing the rim of the hoof, which cuts into the ice and crusted snow to keep it from slipping. This also enables them to dig down (an activity known as . The reindeer from Svalbard are the smallest. They are also relatively short- legged and may have a shoulder height of as little as 8. The frequency of the knee- clicks is one of a range of signals that establish relative positions on a dominance scale among reindeer. It is thought that this ability helps them to survive in the Arctic, because many objects that blend into the landscape in light visible to humans, such as urine and fur, produce sharp contrasts in ultraviolet. They mainly eat lichens in winter, especially reindeer lichen – a unique adaptation among mammals – and they are the only animals except for some gastropods in which the enzyme lichenase, which breaks down lichenin to glucose, has been found. There is some evidence to suggest that on occasion, especially in the spring when they are nutritionally stressed. Males battle for access to females. Two males will lock each other's antlers together and try to push each other away. The most dominant males can collect as many as 1. A male will stop eating during this time and lose much of his body reserves. After 4. 5 days, the calves are able to graze and forage but continue suckling until the following autumn when they become independent from their mothers. Island herds such as the subspecies R. Migrating reindeer can be negatively affected by parasite loads. Severely infected individuals are weak and probably have shortened lifespans, but parasite levels vary between populations. Infections create an effect known as culling: infected migrating animals are less likely to complete the migration. During winter, reindeer travel to forested areas to forage under the snow. By spring, groups leave their winter grounds to go to the calving grounds. A reindeer can swim easily and quickly, normally at about 6. In North America, it was found in Canada, Alaska, and the northern conterminous USA from Washington to Maine. In the 1. 9th century, it was apparently still present in southern Idaho. During the late Pleistocene era, reindeer occurred as far south as Nevada and Tennessee in North America, and as far south as Spain in Europe. Large populations of wild reindeer are still found in Norway, Finland, Siberia, Greenland, Alaska, and Canada. According to the Grubb (2. Rangifer tarandus is . Reindeer were introduced to, and feral in, Iceland, Kerguelen Islands, South Georgia Island, Pribilof Islands, St. Matthew Island. There are large population differences among individual herds, and the size of individual herds has varied greatly since 1. The largest of all herds (Taimyr, Russia) has varied between 4. George River, Canada) has varied between 2. While Rangifer is a widespread and numerous genus in the northern Holarctic, being present in both tundra and taiga (boreal forest). Longer autumns leading to increased amounts of freezing rain created a few inches of ice over lichen, starving many reindeer. Golden eagles prey on calves and are the most prolific hunter on calving grounds. Brown bears and polar bears prey on reindeer of all ages, but like the wolverines they are most likely to attack weaker animals, such as calves and sick deer, since healthy adult reindeer can usually outpace a bear. The gray wolf is the most effective natural predator of adult reindeer and sometimes takes large numbers, especially during the winter. Some wolf packs as well as individual grizzly bears in Canada may follow and live off of a particular reindeer herd year round. Blood- sucking insects, such as black flies and mosquitoes, are a plague to reindeer during the summer and can cause enough stress to inhibit feeding and calving behaviours. In 2. 00. 0, the herd increased to 1,0. While the population of the Lena- Olenek herd is stable, the others are declining. In 1. 97. 1, there were 5. They recovered after a severe decline in 1. For example, Banfield's 1. George River Caribou Herd, in the Ungava region of Quebec, as subspecies Rangifer tarandus caribou, woodland caribou, remains—although other woodland caribou are mainly sedentary. Rangifer tarandus is . Rangifer tarandus is endangered in the United States in Idaho and Washington. There are four herds in Alaska, the Western Arctic herd, Teshekpuk Lake herd, the Central Arctic herd and the Porcupine herd. The Western Arctic Caribou Herd is the largest of the three. The Western Arctic herd reached a low of 7. In 1. 99. 7 the 9. WACH changed their migration and wintered on Seward Peninsula. Alaska's reindeer herding industry has been concentrated on Seward Peninsula ever since the first shipment of reindeer was imported from eastern Siberia in 1. Reindeer Project, an initiative to replace whale meat in the diet of the indigenous people of the region. It resembles another subspecies, barren- ground caribou (R. Though numbers fluctuate, the herd comprises approximately 1. July 2. 01. 0 photocensus). They are the traditional food of the Gwich'in, a First Nations/Alaska Native people, the Inupiat, Inuvialuit, H. There is currently controversy over whether possible future oil drilling on the coastal plains of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, encompassing much of the Porcupine caribou calving grounds, will have a severe negative impact on the caribou population or whether the caribou population will grow. Unlike many other Rangifer tarandus subspecies and their ecotypes, the Porcupine herd is stable at relatively high numbers, but the 2. January 2. 01. 4. However, by 2. 01. In 1. 99. 6, the population of the Ahiak herd was approximately 2. Ahiak, Beverly, Qamanirjuaq herds. The calving grounds of the Beverly caribou herd are located around Queen Maud Gulf but the herd shifted its traditional birthing area. It was suggested the Ahiak and Beverly herds switched calving grounds and the Beverly may have moved . Unsurprisingly, it is part of the group known as tundra reindeer. The R. They remain at low numbers after severe declines. On Baffin Island, the largest Arctic island, the population of Peary caribou peaked in the early 1. Davison 2. 01. 0, CARMA 2. They prefer lichen- rich mature forests. Woodland caribou have disappeared from most of their original southern range. The boreal woodland was designated as threatened in 2. Robot Check. Enter the characters you see below. 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